Cluster 5



Low


Suburbs of most metro areas


Rental deserts


Low/moderate income
35-44 years old
Bachelor's degree or higher


Single-family homes
Built after 2000
Low density & vacancy


New development of high density buildings

High-income suburbs with limited rental options, particularly affordable rental options. Most frequently found in the suburbs of most metro areas.

  • Demand: This market type has low levels of renter households. Renters in this area are generally early middle-aged with higher levels of renters 35-44. Renters in this area also tend to have higher incomes with the highest level of renters earning 80% to 200% AMI and a high share of renters earning over 200% AMI. It has the lowest levels of low-income renters (less than 50% AMI). This market type has higher levels of white population.

  • Supply: The rental stock was largely built between 1950 and 2000, and it has the lowest levels of rental housing built before WW2. Although renter levels are low, this area has the seen recent investment in new rental housing with the high levels of rental units in properties built since 2000 and a large increase in newly built rental properties. Single-family homes account for the largest share of rental units, but there was a large increase in rental units found in 50+ unit properties.

  • Affordability: This market type generally has the worst affordability conditions of any area. It has the lowest levels of lower-cost rental units, and this share declined since 2012. This lack of affordability leads to a low share of renters who are lower-income renters, and therefore generally low levels of rental cost burden. Of the lower-income renters in this market type, the highest share are living in unaffordable units. This area also has the lowest levels of rental subsidy programs (HCV, Project Based Section 8, and Public Housing)

Programs active in Cluster 5

Property Tax Incentive for Affordable Rental Housing Chicago, Statewide

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The Property Tax Incentive for Affordable Rental Housing is a statewide property tax incentive in Illinois, implemented at the county level through individual County Assessor's offices. In Cook County, the incentive is called the Affordable Housing Special Assessment Program (AHSAP). Properties must have seven or more residential units and involve … Read more >

Amazon’s Housing Equity Fund Nashville, Seattle, Washington D.C.

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

In January 2021, Amazon launched the $2 billion Housing Equity Fund with the goal of creating and preserving 20,000 affordable homes across three of its hometown communities, Washington State's Puget Sound region; the Arlington, Virginia/National Capital region; and Nashville, Tennessee, within five years. In June 2024, the company extended the … Read more >

Navigator Pre-Development Loan Hartford, Pittsburgh, Washington D.C.

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The Navigator Pre-Development Loan is part of a broader suite of innovative financing products designed to connect property owners with technical assistance and funding to implement energy efficiency and climate resiliency retrofits. Created by Inclusive Prosperity Capital (IPC), a nonprofit specialty financing intermediary, the product is implemented in collaboration with … Read more >

District Opportunity to Purchase Act (DOPA) Washington D.C.

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

The District Opportunity to Purchase Act (DOPA) is a preservation tool administered by the DC Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) that grants the District of Columbia a right of first purchase when eligible rental properties are offered for sale. DOPA applies to rental properties with five or more … Read more >

Green Cost Share Minneapolis

Cluster 1 Cluster 3 Cluster 5

The Green Cost Share program is administered by the City of Minneapolis to connect commercial and multifamily property owners with funding for energy efficiency upgrades and solar installations. Properties with five or more units are eligible. The base incentive provides a city match of 20% of total project cost, up … Read more >

Housing Impact Fund (HIF) Charlotte

Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The Housing Impact Fund (HIF) is a for-profit social impact equity fund established in 2020 to preserve NOAH in rising cost markets in Charlotte, North Carolina. The fund is managed by Ascent Housing, which serves as operating partner responsible for acquisition, financing, renovation, and property management. The fund commits to … Read more >

Income-Eligible Multi-Family Retrofit Program (IEMF) Boston

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The Income-Eligible Multi-Family Retrofit Program (IEMF), administered under the Mass Save® collaborative of Massachusetts electric and natural gas utilities, provides no-cost or incentivized energy efficiency improvements to affordable multifamily properties. Eligible properties must have five or more units with at least 50% of units occupied by households at or below … Read more >

Low-Income Rental Classification (LIRC) Statewide, Minneapolis

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

Administered by Minnesota Housing, the state’s housing finance authority (HFA), the Low Income Rental Classification (LIRC) Program provides that qualifying low-income rental properties are eligible for property use classification that has a lower tax class rate thereby reducing the property tax obligation for a given property. This property use classification … Read more >

Market Rate Conversion Program Portland

Cluster 4 Cluster 5

The Market Rate Conversion Loan Program is one program funded through the through the Oregon Housing Acquisition Fund (OHAF) and is the administered by the Network for Affordable Housing (NOAH), a community development financial institution (CDFI). OHAF is capitalized through a blend of private bank capital, philanthropic grants, and public … Read more >

Multifamily Energy Savings (MFES) Regional, Chicago

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The Multifamily Energy Savings (MFES) program is a utility-delivered energy efficiency initiative serving affordable multifamily properties in northern Illinois, administered jointly by ComEd, Peoples Gas/North Shore Gas, and Nicor. The program provides comprehensive, building-wide upgrades, including building envelope, HVAC, and domestic hot water systems, in both tenant units and common … Read more >

Multifamily Property Tax Exemption (MFTE) Statewide, Portland, Seattle

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The Multifamily Property Tax Exemption (MFTE) Program is a statewide framework established by the Washington State Department of Commerce in 1995 to incentivize multifamily housing investment through temporary property tax exemptions on residential improvements, implemented by participating cities and counties. Property owners are exempt from taxes on residential improvements for … Read more >

Naturally Occurring Affordable Housing Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Subsidy Program Charlotte

Cluster 5

The NOAH Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Subsidy Program is a public-private partnership administered by the City of Charlotte to acquire and preserve unsubsidized affordable rental housing in rising cost markets using a combination of public and private financing. The program originated as a pilot under the Housing Charlotte Framework, adopted by … Read more >

NOAH Impact Fund Minneapolis

Cluster 1 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The NOAH Impact Fund is a private equity fund administered by Greater Minnesota Housing Fund (GMHF), a statewide community development financial institution (CDFI), to preserve the long-term affordability of naturally occurring affordable housing (NOAH) in opportunity areas across the Twin Cities region. The fund launched in 2017 with NOAH Pool … Read more >

Pathway Housing Fund (PHF) Nashville

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The Pathway Housing Fund (PHF) is a $30 million private capital fund launched in 2024 by Pathway Lending, a Tennessee-based community development financial institution (CDFI). The fund is designed to preserve unsubsidized affordable rental housing across Tennessee that is at risk of market conversion due to gentrification and rising land … Read more >

Rental Improvement Fund (RIF) Philadelphia

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The Rental Improvement Fund (RIF) is administered by the Philadelphia Housing Development Corporation (PHDC) and provides loans to small property owners for health, safety, habitability, energy, and water efficiency repairs. Eligible borrowers must own no more than 15 rental units across no more than five properties. Loan amounts range from … Read more >

Small Buildings Program (SBP) Washington D.C.

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

The Small Buildings Program (SBP) is administered by the DC Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) Housing Preservation Unit and comprises two subprograms: the Small Housing Provider Grant and the Small Property Loan Program. The Small Housing Provider Grant provides up to $65,000 per unit, capped at $400,000 per … Read more >

Texas Housing Conservancy Fund Austin

Cluster 1 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

The Texas Housing Conservancy Fund is an open-ended social impact private equity fund managed by the Texas Housing Conservancy (TxHC), a 501(c)(3) nonprofit founded in 2016 in Austin, Texas. The fund pools capital from high-net-worth individuals, family offices, foundations, institutional investors, and bank CRA programs to acquire existing market-affordable multifamily … Read more >

Washington Housing Initiative Impact Pool (WHIIP) Washington D.C.

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

The Washington Housing Initiative Impact Pool (WHIIP) is an approximately $115 million investment vehicle managed by JBG SMITH Impact Manager, a subsidiary of JBG SMITH Properties. The fund provides mezzanine/second trust financing, coordinates the placement of qualified 501(c)(3) bonds, and measures and reports on impact outcomes. WHIIP provides up to … Read more >

MSAs including Cluster 5


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