Cluster 1



High


Urban core of established metro areas with more segregation, history of disinvestment


Disinvestment


Low income
55-64 years old
High unemployment
Black


2-4 unit buildings
Built before 1950
High vacancy


Limited new development

Very low-income renters, an older rental stock, and high levels of cost burden indicate affordability challenges tied to concentrated poverty and a history of disinvestment. Most frequently found in the urban core of "mature" metro areas with higher levels of segregation and histories of disinvestment.

  • Demand: This market type has high levels of renter households. It has the highest share of renters earning very low incomes (less than 30% AMI) and low incomes (30%-50% AMI). Conversely, it has the lowest shares of renters earning over 80% AMI. The renter population is older with the highest share of renters over age 55 compared to other clusters. The majority of the population in this market type is Black.

  • Supply: This market type has an older housing stock with the highest share of rental housing stock built before WW2. It has also seen limited new investment with the lowest levels of rental properties built since 2000. Compared to other market types, this area has a high share of rental units in 1 to 4 unit properties. It has the highest level of rental units in 2 to 4 unit buildings specifically, but the lowest share of rental units in 5-49 unit properties.

  • Affordability: This market type has the highest share of lower-cost rental units, but because of the very low incomes of renters, it also has the highest levels of renter cost burden. Because of the broad range of affordability challenges, this area has the highest levels of affordable housing subsidy programs including housing choice voucher usage and units connected to project-based section 8 and public housing.

Programs active in Cluster 1

Affordable Housing Special Assessment Program (AHSAP) Chicago

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

This property tax program is available statewide in Illinois, and is implemented by individual County Assessor’s Offices. The incentive is structured to support affordable rents in higher cost markets and to promote investment in lower cost markets. The program applies to any property with 7 or more residential units. Cook … Read more >

Amazon’s Housing Equity Fund Nashville, Seattle, Washington D.C.

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

In January 2021, Amazon launched the $2 billion Housing Equity Fund with the goal of creating and preserving 20,000 affordable homes across three of its hometown communities—Washington State's Puget Sound region; the Arlington, Virginia/National Capital region; and Nashville, Tennessee—within five years. In June 2024, the company extended the fund with … Read more >

Rental Improvement Fund (RIF) Philadelphia

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

Philadelphia Housing Development Corporation (PHDC) offers loans for small property owners owning no more than 15 units across no more than 5 properties are eligible for full forgiveness or a preferable 0% interest rate if landlords meet program affordability requirements during the loan term. Loan amount must be between $10,000 … Read more >

Small Landlord Fund Pittsburgh

Cluster 1 Cluster 6

The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) of Pittsburgh administers the Small Landlord Fund program provides 0% interest loans, up to $20,000 per unit to landlords with ten or fewer units for repairs and upgrades, with the goal to preserve existing affordable rental housing and/or to convert market rate and vacant housing … Read more >

Small Buildings Program (SBP) Washington D.C.

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

The DC Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) - Housing Preservation Unit (HPU) announces changes to the Small Buildings Program, establishing two subprograms, the Small Housing Provider Grant and the Small Property Loan Program. Updates to the current Small Buildings Grant program will serve a broader representation of owners, … Read more >

Commercial Property-Assessed Clean Energy (C-PACE) National

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

Commercial property assessed clean energy (C-PACE) is a financing structure in which building owners borrow money for energy reduction, onsite generation, or other projects and make repayments via an assessment on their property tax bill. The financing arrangement then remains with the property even if it is sold, facilitating long-term … Read more >

Texas Housing Conservancy Fund Austin

Cluster 1 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

Administered by the Texas Housing Conservancy (TxHC), the Texas Housing Conservancy Fund is an open-ended social impact private equity fund for high-net-worth individuals, family offices, private foundations, institutional investors, Bank CRA programs, larger foundations and others. Texas Housing Conservancy (TxHC) is a 501 (c)(3) and is the sponsor and investment … Read more >

Property & Casualty Initiative (PCI) Loan Fund Boston

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 6

Established in 1999 as the result of state legislation (Chapter 259 of the Massachusetts Acts of 1998), a consortium of Massachusetts-based property and casualty insurance companies established The Property and Casualty Initiative, LLC (PCI) as a state-wide community loan fund. Founding legislation defines activities eligible lending as affordable housing, community … Read more >

Regional Naturally Occurring Affordable Housing (NOAH) Fund Boston

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 6

The Regional Naturally Occurring Affordable Housing (NOAH) Fund is a strategic initiative designed to preserve and expand affordable housing by providing capital to nonprofit and socially driven developers. The program is administered by Massachusetts Housing Investment Corporation (MHIC), a community development financial institution (CDFI) that was founded in 1993 by … Read more >

Boston Acquisition Fund (BAF) Boston

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 6

Created in 2024, the Boston Acquisition Fund (BAF) is a public-private revolving loan fund established by the City of Boston in partnership with Boston institutions and philanthropies. The program is administered by Massachusetts Housing Investment Corporation (MHIC), a community development financial institution (CDFI) that was founded in 1993 by a … Read more >

Acquisition Opportunity Program Boston

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3

The City of Boston Mayor's Office of Housing administers the Acquisition Opportunity Program, which offers developers the opportunity to pre-qualify for a set amount of funding, up to $75,000 per unit, allowing potential buyers to become more competitive in the real estate market. To pre-qualify, development teams must demonstrate that … Read more >

Income-Eligible Multi-Family Retrofit Program (IEMF) Chicago

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The Income-Eligible Multi-Family Retrofit Program (IEMF, formerly known as LIMF) is a no-cost or incentivized energy efficiency program sponsored by Mass Save®, a collaborative of Massachusetts’ electric and natural gas utilities and energy efficiency service providers including Berkshire Gas, Cape Light Compact, Eversource, Liberty, National Grid, and Unitil. The program … Read more >

Opportunity Investment Fund (OIF) Chicago

Cluster 1 Cluster 2

Community Investment Corporation (CIC) offers the Opportunity Investment Fund (OIF), also referred to as the Mezzanine Debt Fund. The Fund provides low-cost mezzanine debt to developers who purchase existing, functioning rental buildings in high cost markets. In exchange, at least 20% of those units must be affordable to households at … Read more >

Preservation of Existing Affordable Rental (PEAR) Pilot Program Chicago

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3

Created by the City of Chicago in 2018, the Preservation of Existing Affordable Rental (PEAR) program was created to preserve housing affordability in appreciating neighborhoods. The program refinances private sector debt on residential properties with six or more units, ensuring at least 20% of the units will be affordable to … Read more >

Detroit Housing for the Future Fund (DHFF) Detroit

Cluster 1

The Detroit Housing for the Future Fund (DHFF) was established as a privately managed investment fund that pools resources from private and philanthropic sources, with the primary goal of addressing the severe shortage of affordable housing in Detroit, particularly for individuals earning between 40-60% of the Area Median Income (AMI). … Read more >

Green Cost Share Minneapolis

Cluster 1 Cluster 3 Cluster 5

The City of Minneapolis created the Green Cost Share to connect property owners with a variety of energy savings programs including energy efficiency upgrades and solar installation. Commercial and multifamily property owners with five units or more can apply for a City match of the total project cost make upgrades … Read more >

Small and Medium Multifamily (SMMF) Loan Program Minneapolis

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 6

Small and Medium Multifamily (SMMF) Loan Program is a partnership between the Land Bank Twin Cities, Inc. (“Land Bank”), Local Initiatives Support Corporation (“LISC”), and the City of Minneapolis. The goal of the program is to get community control over small-to medium multifamily (SMMF) buildings defined as 2-49 units in … Read more >

NOAH Impact Fund Minneapolis

Cluster 1 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

Greater Minnesota Housing Fund (GMHF), a statewide Community Development Financial Institution (CDFI), officially launched the NOAH Impact Fund in June 2017 with NOAH Pool I, a $25 million from seven impact investors. The NOAH Impact Fund partners with socially motivated investors and rental property owner-operators to preserve the long-term affordability … Read more >

Pathway Housing Fund (PHF) Nashville

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

Pathway Housing Fund (PHF), was launched in 2024 by Pathway Lending, Community Development Financial Institution, a CDFI based in Tennessee. The program leverages low-cost capital to preserve unsubsidized affordable rental housing properties across Tennessee that are at risk of becoming unaffordable due to gentrification. The $30 million fund is comprised … Read more >

Built to Last Philadelphia

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3

Built to Last is an initiative coordinated by the Philadelphia Energy Authority (PEA), an independent municipal authority focused on energy affordability and sustainability created by Philadelphia City Council in 2010. The program launched as a pilot in 2021, and aims to coordinated and supplements existing programs, simplifying the process for … Read more >

District Opportunity to Purchase Act (DOPA) Washington D.C.

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

The District Opportunity to Purchase Act (DOPA) is a preservation tool implemented by the DC Department of Housing and Community Development that promotes affordable rental housing by maintaining the affordable status of existing affordable rental units as well as increasing the total number of affordable rental units within the District. … Read more >

Washington Housing Initiative Impact Pool (WHIIP) Washington D.C.

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

The Washington Housing Initiative Impact Pool (WHIIP) is an approximately $115 million investment vehicle that targets after-tax returns equivalent to many traditional investment funds. The Impact Pool is managed by JBG SMITH Impact Manager, a subsidiary of JBG SMITH Properties. The Impact Pool provides mezzanine/second trust financing, coordinates placement of … Read more >

Low-Income Rental Classification (LIRC) Statewide

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

Administered by Minnesota Housing, the state’s housing finance authority (HFA), the Low Income Rental Classification (LIRC) Program provides that qualifying low-income rental properties are eligible for property use classification that has a lower tax class rate thereby reducing the property tax obligation for a given property. This property use classification … Read more >

The Life Initiative Statewide

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 6

The Life Initiative (TLI) was created in 1999 as the result of state legislation (Chapter 259 of the Massachusetts Acts of 1998). TLI was initially capitalized with $100 million for a 25-year period. Qualified investments include affordable and mixed income housing, both rental and homeownership, small businesses and job creation, … Read more >

Small Property Acquisition Fund (SPAF) Pilot Statewide

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 6

The Small Property Acquisition Fund (SPAF) is a statewide program administered by the Community Economic Development Assistance Corporation (CEDAC), a public-private community development financial institution (CDFI), on behalf of the Executive Office of Housing and Livable Communities (EOHLC) in Massachusetts. The goal of the program is to prevent displacement of … Read more >

Multifamily Property Tax Exemption (MFTE) Program Statewide

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

The Multi-family Tax Exemption Program (MFTE) program was created by the State Department of Commerce in 1995 to stimulate housing growth in Washington cities. Implemented on a City or County basis. Under the program, the jurisdictions can give tax exemptions for new construction, conversion, and rehabilitation of multifamily residential improvements. … Read more >

Multifamily Energy Savings (MFES) Regional

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

MFES is delivered by northern Illinois utilities, ComEd, Peoples Gas/North Shore Gas, and Nicor, that provides comprehensive, building-wide energy efficiency upgrades for multi-family properties. This includes building envelope improvements, HVAC systems, and domestic hot water, both in tenant units and common areas. Rather than fragmenting gas and electric upgrades across … Read more >

MSAs including Cluster 1


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